Ethics on Abortion Essay

There are many ethical issues that are argued over in society. One highly controversial issue however, is the problem faced with opposing beliefs on abortion. Abortion, literally meaning â€Å"the deliberate termination of human pregnancy,† is the issue commonly addressed by the liberals and the conservatives. Each side has its own philosophical theory on the situation. The liberal theory suggests that a women has the right to decide what happens with her body. The conservative outlook would be that an unborn baby, as a human being, has separate rights from those of the mother. The arguments that are generally discussed involve that abortion is a personal choice, human life begins at conception, or that abortion can or can not be justified. The first argument on the ethics of abortion is that abortion is a personal choice. This idea on abortion intends to imply that a fetus is not a human life. The life of the new embryo is not forced to be carried out because of the rights women possess. If new life is growing in a woman, then it should be her decision as it is regarding her own bodily autonomy. Abortion should be in the best concern of the woman pregnant because it does not go out and affect those around her. Also if the women in situations where abortion is an option needed, then who is more correct to go and force them to carry out a pregnancy. The idea that people have some ethical claim to personal, bodily autonomy must be regarded as fundamental to the conception of any ethical, democratic, and free society. Given that autonomy exists as an ethical necessity, the question becomes how far that autonomy extends. The fact that a woman is going to proceed with an abortion does not affect the larger public so it should not be unethical for this action to take place because others think that it is wrong. Many people stand with the idea that abortion is ethically a personal choice because the situations can always be brought to the point where a woman is protecting herself. Mary Anne Warren’s stand on abortion is that of a liberal one. In her article, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, she concludes that â€Å"†¦a women’s right to protect her health, happiness, freedom, and even her life, by terminating an unwanted pregnancy, will always override whatever right to life it may be appropriate to ascribe to a fetus, even a fully developed one. † (pg. 16, Mappes) Warren believes that abortion is permittable because the fetus is not a fully developed person with moral characteristics; they are human beings that are not yet a person. The opposing argument on the ethics of abortion is that human life begins at conception. The new human life that is growing should now have the right to live. If a woman consented to sex or did not properly use contraception, then she knew that pregnancy might have been a result. Whether the fetus is a human being or not, it is arguable that a woman has some sort of ethical obligation to the fetus. The obligation might not be strong enough to eliminate abortion, but it may be enough to limit abortion if it is morally chosen. Also consider abortion as the murder of a human being. When deciding on what decision is more correct many mothers would decide on having to keep their baby and not killing it. This is because no matter the situation, the actions taken consequently resolved in pregnancy and now the mothers are ethically responsible to care for new life. Abortion should not be an acceptable solution for a pregnancy because human life should not be terminated and the new life should have responsibility dedicated to itself. The final argument on the ethics of abortion is that abortion can or can not be justified. This directly relates to the status of the fetus and whether or not it is considered to be human life. In the early months of pregnancy, when the fetus hardly represents a human being at all, then abortion should be permissible to the pregnant woman if it is in her interests. When taking a step into the middle months, the fetus now comes to resemble a person. The situation changes due to the argument that the fetus may now be human life. Abortion in this case should only be justifiable if any economic, psychological, social or physical health would be presented through continued pregnancy. In the late months however, abortion would just be the wrong concept and unethical because the fetus is near the peak of becoming human life. If any pregnancy lasts into the middle months or later, then abortion should already be out as an option because the decision could have been made in the early months. Moreover, abortion should only be the decision made for a mother totally uncapable of caring for new human life. The idea of abortion is a wide spread ethical issue. Many morals are different among the people who think abortion is right or the people who believe it is completely inhumane. Abortion is right in the eyes of those who follow liberals. The mother has complete rights to protect herself and make a personal choice in keeping a fetus or not. For conservatives on the other end, abortion should not be the decision made due to the new life having full moral status and a serious right to live. There are also cases where abortion might not fall under strict rights the the mother or the fetus, which is why my position is in favor of the moderate way of thought. Pregnancies are in a wide amount of cases unwanted. But it is the situation of the pregnancy that should ultimately lead to the decision of abortion being ethical or not. For any unwanted pregnancies in the very early months, abortion should be acceptable because the fetus does not posses human like traits and it is in the interest of the pregnant woman. This might not be considered ethical because the mothers should have a dedicated responsibility to their baby but exceptions have to be made for situations where rape might have been the cause of pregnancy. The only time abortion should absolutely not be acceptable are for any pregnancies that have reached middle months or later. This is because the mother of the fetus has already allowed the pregnancy to last to the point where the fetus is now a lifelike human or baby. Also if the pregnancy was not aborted in the early months then there certainly should be no reason to change the decision so long after conception. Abortion will be a never ending argument for what is right or wrong to do in the case where a human life or possible human life is at stake. But abortion has many twists and turns that lead to uneasy decisions that have to be made. So there might not be a way to tell what is the â€Å"more† ethically correct decision to make when dealing with such a controversial issue as abortion.

Influence Media Has on Teens

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British Literature Women Of Long Ago Essay

, Research Paper The star football participant was about to be forced off the squad because of hapless academic classs. In despair, the manager approached the Dean of the college and swore on his award that he would give the chap a concluding test in one of his topics, and if the male child didn T base on balls he would take him from the squad instantly. The dark before the large game the manager met with the male child to prove him. What, asked the manager, is the name of the first recorded piece of British Literature? Coach, replied the male child, I don t have the slightest thought. That s right! exclaimed the manager, You don t! Okay, you re in the get downing line-up tomorrow! This could be my narrative. I play sports-any sport-all sports-football, hoops, baseball you name it. The idea of my basking British Literature seems difficult for even me to believe. When faced with this assignment, I found myself in a little terror. However, much to my surprise, it wasn t all that bad. In traveling over the picks, I knew I had to take to compose about adult females, and their functions in these narratives. The fact that they were involved in sex, fraudulence, and criminal conversation had nil to make with my determination. And as Oscar Wilde said, The universe is packed with good and evil adult females. To cognize them is a in-between category instruction. I m surely a truster in that doctrine! After all, that s why I m in school. In get downing to compare and contrast the function of adult females the The Wife of Bath s Tale, by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Shepherd s Play, by Wakefield Master, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by Sir Gawain, one needs to look closely at the narratives. The Wife of Bath s, narrative is a brief Arthurian love affair integrating the widespread subject of the disgusting lady. It is the narrative of a adult female as if by magic transformed into an ugly form who can be restored to her former province merely be some specific action. It besides embodies some surprising hints of the formal tradition, along with The Second Shepherd s Play, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. All three narratives seem to exemplify the transforming power of love for their work forces. Although they were are different they all showed the consequence of their love. That the true lover can non be corrupted by greed ; love makes an ugly and rude individual radiance with all beauty. They know how to indue with aristocracy even one of low birth. They can even impart humbleness to the proud. Oh, what a fantastic thing love is which makes a adult male radiance with so many virtuousnesss and which teaches everyone to abound in good imposts. You see briefly in the narrative The Wife of Bath s Tale that it deals with a lustful unmarried man of the male monarch s tribunal who raped a immature maiden. He was taken and condemned to decease ( such was the usage so ) but the male monarch, in respect to Queen Guenevere s supplications, allowed the ladies to judge him. They tell him he can salvage his life merely if a twelvemonth and a twenty-four hours subsequently he can state them what it is that adult females most desire. He wanders long without happening the reply ; he is about to return disconsolate when he comes upon an old and unusually ugly adult female. She says that if he swore to make whatever she will next ask him, she will state him the reply. He agrees and returns with reply: adult females most desire to hold sovereignty over their hubbies. Guenevere and her ladies are amazed ; they grant him his life. The old adult female than makes her demand: that he marry her. She will accept no less. On they re marrying dark ; he turns off from her. She asks him what is the affair. He answers that she is old and ugly and lowborn. The old adult female demonstrated to him that none of these affair particularly baronial birth, since true gentilesse depends on workss instead than birth. She offers him the pick: he can hold her old and ugly and faithful or immature, beautiful, and perchance unchaste. He tells her to take ; he grants her the sovereignty. When he does so she turns into a beautiful maiden, and they live thenceforth in perfect joy. That she so just was and so yong therto, For joye he hente hire in his weaponries two ; His herte bathed in a bath of blisse ; A 1000 clip arewe he gan hire kisse ( Chaucer 356 ) Even under the regulation of King Arthur and his gallant knights, adult females were at the clemency of work forces by holding the knight colza a immature amah. Immediately though, the adult females begin to weave in their doctrine. One in peculiar achieves all she wants through her nagging behaviour. She shows the queen that she can acquire the male monarch to go forth the knight s life in her custodies. Further, the undertaking given the knight by the queen, to happen out What thing it is that adult females most desiren? And if that she be disgusting, thou saist that she Coveiteth every adult male that she may see ; For as a spaniel she wol on him lepe, Til that she finde som adult male hire to chepe ( Chaucer 336 ) In professing this point of pick and giving the womanpower, the married woman shows how the knight additions both picks and both become happy together. For by my trouthe, I wol be to you bothe This is to sayn, ye bothe carnival and good And she obeyed him in every thing ( Chaucer 356 ) In The Second Shepherds Play, the narrative begins with three shepherds ( Coll, Gib, and Daw ) in a field kicking about the cold, revenue enhancements, and the cavalier intervention they got from the aristocracy. These are immoralities that are close to place for the shepherds on the Yorkshire Moors. Finally the chief character, Mak, comes along claiming to be a higher-class citizen than he truly is. The shepherds know Mak though. He has a repute as a common stealer. The shepherds are tired and lie down to kip but are wary of Mak and inquire that he sleep between them so that he could non be up to anything. Soon they fall asleep and Mak ( infixing some heathen elements ) casts a thaumaturgy enchantment over the sleeping shepherds that they may non wake up for some clip. He so gets up and bargains a random-access memory from their flocks and takes it place to his married woman Gill. Good married woman, open the hek! Sees thou non what I bring? I may thole the camion the snek. Ah, come in, my sweeting! Yea, 1000 that non rek of my long standing By the bare cervix art 1000 like for to hing. Make manner: I am worthy my meat ( Wakefield 470 ) They are hapless and intend to eat it. Gill chides him though and warns him that this wickedness will acquire him killed. She decides a program to maintain the sheep covered in a cradle so that when the shepherds come impeaching Mak and looking for their sheep they will non happen it. Gill will feign to be retrieving from childbearing and will sham that the covered lamb is re4ally their newborn kid. Mak likes this thought and returns to the sleeping shepherds to lie back between them as though nil has happened. When they arrived, Mak wakes to state them that he has dreamt that his married woman Gill has given birth to a kid. He complains how hapless they are and that his married woman is ever pregnant with another kid. He leaves them to travel and help his married woman. The shepherds split up but arrange to run into once more subsequently that afternoon. When they do run into they realize a sheep has been stolen and they suspect Mak. In the interim, Gill and Mak are fixing their str ategy. Soon the shepherds arrive at the house. Gill is groaning and Mak is feigning to sing a cradlesong to the babe. The shepher Ds search the house happening no lamb and believing that the babe under screen is truly a babe, they wish the household good and travel to go forth. . When we had long napped, me thought with a gyn A fat sheep he trapped, but he made no blare. Thy dream makes thee woode: It is but apparition, by the roode, Now God, turn all to good, If it be his will ( Wakefield 471 ) Daw returns to give the babe a buss and when he lifts the screen he discovers the truth. Gill tries to go on the prevarication by claiming that the kid was sabotaged by faeries and turned into a lamb. Mak insists it is his inheritor. Finally caught in the act and told he should be hung and Gill burned, Mak begs for like and promises neer to intrude once more. He says if he does so, so they can decapitate him. The shepherds end up merely fliping him in a cover. They shortly forget about Mak when an angel appears to them that dark, stating them of the birth of Christ. They visit Christ, and leave, sing vocals of congratulations. That is filled with His grace and have a new joy and hope in life. In The Second Shepherds Play, the beginning is really black, but is balanced out by the optimistic stoping. The writer s gap has the shepherds turn toing the blue clime, their poorness and their oppressive intervention by the aristocracy. The obvious purpose is to learn the narrative of Christ s birth, and give out a clear message of hope. He draws the regular medieval layperson in by turn toing obvious modern-day jobs. He so introduces a stock amusing figure ( Mak ) to convey amusing alleviation. By parodying the Christian narrative of the Nativity with the pathetic strategy of the stolen lamb in the cradle, the writer is able to skid in a Christian message that the mundane individual could understand. The analogue of the stolen sheep ( disguised as Mak s latest inheritor ) prevarication in a cradle and the existent Lamb of God Born in a stable among animals is obvious. In a sense, the fact that the writer reenacts the Nativity in the ludicrous strategy with a common stealer and his alcoholic married woman suggests the Christian impression that Christianity is for everybody particularly the lowly. One of the chief points, nevertheless, is the charity twice shown by the shepherds: foremost, to the supposed boy of Mak, and 2nd, to Mak and Gill when they decide to allow them off with merely the mildest of penalties. Their Acts of the Apostless of charity and forgiveness are awarded when they are invited to see the Christ kid, the incarnation of charity. Hail, autonomous Jesus, for 1000 has us sought! Hail, freely nutrient and flour, that all things was shaped! Hail, full of favor, that made all of zero! Hail! I kneel and I cower. A bird have I brought To my barn Hail, small tyne swab! ( Wakefield 480 ) In contrast, the adult females in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight place the Virgin Mary ( stand foring religious love, obeisance, celibacy, and life ) against Morgan and Bertilak s married woman ( who represent noncompliance, lust and decease ) . Bertilak s married woman is runing unassisted against Gawain in the sleeping room as the huntsman and attacker. Morgan is the provoker of the secret plan which begins the narrative, and she is strong plenty to travel into Bertilak s palace, turn him green and order him to walk and speak with a cut off hear. Lady Bertilak is seen in the Biblical function of enchantress as Eve. Gawain derives his art and bravery from his particular relationship with Mary. And at that sanctum tide He prays with all his might That Mary may be his usher Till a home comes in sight ( Gawain 203 ) Equally long as Gawain is confronting the dangers which grow out of his deal with the Green Knight, which does non prove his beliing truenesss in love, his religious religion is clear and undaunted and his art and bravery clasp. On his journey to look for the Green Knight he is beset by a figure of adversities and is eventually at the point of desperation. As he lies stop deading in the wood he prays to Mary to happen him shelter and a topographic point to state mass on Christmas Eve. She answers his supplications and leads him to Bertilak s palace. When Gawain comes to Bertilak s tribunal he is thrown into a wholly different universe. And hence sighing he said, I beseech of Thee, Lord, And Mary, 1000 mildest female parent so dried-up, Some harbourage where haply I might hear mass And thy morning prayers tomorrow-meekly I ask it, And thereto suggestion and pray my pater and ave and credo ( Gawain 203 204 ) Gawain is a knight that begins a journey toward decease with deep religion. Gawain is a adult male all entirely going to about certain decease. This journey is entirely Gawain s ; no 1 can soothe him but God, where he finds his strength. His chief concern is to make some harbourage where haply ( he ) might hear mass. The clip is near to Christmas ; Gawain s demand for a proper topographic point to pray to expose his religion, is great because of his state of affairs. He meekly asks this of Christ and Mary. Gawain s praying is closer to imploring than anything else. He implores God to steer him to shelter. He besides prays to Mary, the mildest female parent, in hopes of happening a topographic point to remain over Christmas. When he ways mildest, he most likely means the disused definition of the word, sort or gracious. Naming Mary this is a spot of desirous believing on Gawain s portion. He hopes that through God s will and Mary s generousness, he won t be praying at a stopgap commun ion table in the snow on Christmas. Gawain meekly asks for harbourage. He is far from a mild knight, but he humbles himself so highly before God, Mary, and Christ, trusting they take notice of his humbleness and reply his supplications. He needs reassurance that God knows he believes and is meriting of salvation. By praying in a proper location, Gawain could demo God his devotedness. His desirous thought is non misplaced. Despite all he has endured therefore far, Gawain remains a low retainer of the Lard. Instantaneously, his supplications are answered. In comparing and contrasting the adult females in these narratives we can see the attitudes and doctrines which were emerging and determining the functions specific to people s lives. Among there were thoughts and imposts, which had dictated highly subservient lives for adult females. One of the characters in The Wife of Bath contradicts many of these oppressive imposts and asserts her ain appraisal of the functions of adult females in society and in relationships. However, while trying to asseverate female laterality over work forces, the consequence the married woman desires is to convey work forces and adult females to a more balanced degree of power. It is the married womans purpose to demo that entry to the desires and demands of adult females does non ensue in the male being dominated. Actually, the terminal consequence is two people who are happy and secure in their love for one another and respectful of each others power. The terminal consequence in the narratives is that the twosomes become happy. They fight no more and unrecorded in peace. They understand the value of equilibrating the power in relationships. If we look behind the lives of work forces, we find history is frequently herstory. He said his supplication with suspirations, Lamenting his misbehavior ; He crosses himself, and calls On Christ in his great demand ( Gawain 204 ) 350

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School Couselor in charge of presenting a sex education course to Assignment

School Couselor in charge of presenting a sex education course to either the student body or their parents - Assignment Example But majority of them support sex education. â€Å"Over the past 20 years, in survey after survey, local, state or national, 80 to 85 percent of parents indicate they want their children to receive comprehensive, medically accurate, age-appropriate sex education.† (Parents as Advocates for Comprehensive Sex Ed in Schools , 2008). They need their children to come to know about delaying the inception of intimate sexual relationships when they become mature and responsible. The duty vested on parents also includes sharing the skills and information with their children for using condoms and other contraceptives when they are likely to be sexually active. A school counselor has to consider many factors when counseling the parents of the school aged children. As sex education is a broad field that includes the study of human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health abstinence, contraception and other aspects like human sexual behavior, a counselor has to make the parents aware of these factors. It is common knowledge that majority of the parents are embarrassed to talk to their children or teenagers about sex. A counselor can assume a vital role in sex education by encouraging the parents to share such matters with their children. Parents should understand the fact that their children will listen to them carefully, if they will only talk. It has been identified that the communication gap between parents and teenagers often causes for many issues related to children. A counselor should make the parent aware that a parent should always be ready to extend the hand of help, when a child seeks for it. It would be better for a parent to talk to a child around the age they first become sexually active, or when they are getting to that point (Parents and sex education, n.d.).They should be revealed of what can happen and the methods of birth control. One of the difficulties of parents in revealing or discussing sex

A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities Character Carton Analysis Essay In the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Sydney Carton’s character went through a series of decisions that affected the outcome of the novel. Sydney Carton looks almost looks exactly the same as Charles Darnay, but the main difference, was that Darnay was sober a majority of the time, and he cared and worked for his life. Lucie, the love of Carton’s life, had fallen in love with Darnay. After Carton realized that Lucie would have picked him if he hadn’t been so slavish and drunk a majority of the time, he decided to change. He knew he had already lost Lucie, but he thought that maybe he could still use the rest of his life for the better. His decision to change was not state out right, but the events in the novel, led the reader to the conclusion, that he turned around his life for Lucie. At the beginning of the novel, when Carton is first introduced, he is sitting in the courtroom staring at the ceiling. The author made it seem like Carton did not care what was going on in the courtroom, but later the reader discovers that Carton was listening to the case the entire time. Carton had heard a flaw in the prosecutor’s plan, and he gave a note to Stryver, resulting in an acquittal, which Stryver had received full credit. As the reader continues reading, it is later discovered that Carton is the hand guiding Stryver, while Stryver is just the image. Carton never did anything for himself; because he was too busy helping others. Later in the novel, Carton planned an almost full proof plan to help Charles Darnay. Even though he had made the decision to change, and think out a plan, he never lost the characteristic of putting others before himself. Although he took the place of the Darnay, before his death, he took it for Lucie. As Carton’s character is slowly unfolded throughout the second book, the reader can conclude that Carton dislikes Darnay. Carton dislikes Darnay, because Darnay is the constant reminder to Carton of what he could have been like, if he had not made bad choices in law school and made good choices in general. Whenever Carton came over to the Manette’s home, and was in the presence of Darnay, he was even more quiet then usual. However, when he decided to turn his life around, he buried his hatred for Darnay, and treated him with respect. Even with this decision, carton could not have Lucie, but she accepted him as part of her own family, and he was content with that. At the end of the novel, Carton takes time to plan out a five-step plan to save Darnay, and ends up sacrificing himself for a man he use to hate. Part of Carton’s old personality, was that he always wore his emotions on his sleeve. He thought he was useless and he lacked self-esteem. This was shown throughout the beginning of the book, for he was a drunk resembling his worthless life. He didn’t speak in the conversation unless it was a topic that he truly cared for. Right before his change, he professed his love to Lucie. After his change, he learned to hide his emotions. Although he may not like Darnay, he kept those feelings to himself. He stayed mysterious in Book III, in order for his plan to be successful and his appearance to be surprising. The character, Sydney Carton, was given a second chance as their life was resurrected. Lucie Manette is responsible for the resurrection of Sydney Carton, for she was the inspiration that got Sydney Carton off his feet. Carton twice saves Charles Darnay even though he disliked him. Carton described himself as a wasted creature but Lucy explained that she had faith in him and that he was capable of doing better things. He ended up promising that he would do anything for her, sacrificing his life for Charles Darnay. By hiding his emotions, he was able to carry out a plan without anyone attempting to stop him. Carton strived to become a better person and change his life around because Lucie believed in him. Because of the change in Carton, Darnay’s life is spared and Carton dies with dignity, knowing his life was not a waste.

The Syndetic And Asyndetic Coordinations English Language Essay

The Syndetic And Asyndetic Coordinations English Language Essay The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text, and that define it as text. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. Carter defines cohesion as the demonstrable pattern of the texts integrity, the marks of its hanging together (245). Coordination is a part of the system of a language. As a tool of cohesion, coordination is a process used in a language to combine units to make other units.   It is part of the basic efficiency of language through which simple units like phrases and the simple sentence are re-cycled to make longer and perhaps more complex units.    Coordinationinvolves the linking of units, in coordination; the units are constituent of the same level. In relating coordination to cohesion in poetic texts, reference needs to be made to the structural definition of poems; As Bloom asserts: Poems are not things but only words that refer to other words and those words refer to still other words, and so on into the densely overpopulated world of literary language. Any poem is an inter-poem, and any reading of a poem is an inter-reading. [] You cannot write or teach or think or even read without imitation, and what you imitate is what another person has done, that persons writing or teaching or thinking or reading. Your relation to what informs that person is tradition. (107-108). Bloom is also of the view that: What makes possible reading and writing is not a single anterior action which serves as origin and moment of plenitude but an open series of acts, both identifiable and lost, which work together to constitute something like a language: discursive possibilities, systems of convention, clichà ©s and descriptive systems. (110) 1.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM Poetic text may appear as fragmented association of words on the page. Yet, it makes powerful impressions and has a huge communicative effect. What text-forming resources contribute to this apparent meaningfulness? And in what ways are these resources employed in poetic text? How does this knowledge illumine our understanding of text and texture? These problems are addressed in the present study. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study are as follows: To examine the language of the selected poems of ChicayaUtamsisBOW HARP. To provide a better understanding and appreciation of the elements of coordination as employed in the poems. As Leech Shortassert: The poet does interesting things with language in poetry; aesthetic effect cannot be separated from the creative manipulation of the linguistic code inherent in the language. (2) This study, hence, set out to analyze some six selectedpoems of TchikayaUtamsititled Bow Harp. 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Since researches in this area of study have not been exhaustively conducted, it is hoped that this studymay have its own contribution as it applies to analysis ofcoordinations in poetic texts. 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This research project is concerned with the analysis of BOW HARP which was originally written in French by TchicayaUtamsi and translated into English by Gerald Moore. The selection of the particular poems to be analyzed in this study is based on the recurrent themes they reflect and the belief that the poems manifest significantly the thematic concerns of the poet. The poems are selected and analyzed to discover how coordination is used in explicating certain message of the poet . The study endeavors to discuss the concept of coordination as it relates to cohesion. The present study focuses on the level of coordination and textual cohesion in the text. Hence, particular attention is given to the prominent coordinating features such as conjunctions, and, or, but. 1.5 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The research examines coordination against the background of cohesion. The thematic function of the text forming resources is analyzed in the framework of conjunctions. The poetic texts are closely examined and used as a background to the analysis. Nevertheless, reference has been made to articles, journals and other scholarly books. THE POET TCHICAYA U TAMSI TchicayaUTamsi(1931-1988), the oldest of a generation of important Congolese writers, is one of the few whose reputation has reached beyond the confines of francophone Africa and France. While recognizing him as one of the leading contemporary African poets, critics and readers remain strangely reserved. Tchicayas writing defies classification. His intensely personal worldview and poetic expression create his own individual mythology, which sets him apart from all neat literary categories. His poetry is often described as hermetic. At the same time the poets obvious mastery of his medium precludes his being dismissed as obscure or unintelligible. At times Utamsis own words would seem to confirm his link with the surrealists. The surrealist poets highly individualistic message was dictated by his subconscious being, which he believed to be the echo of the universal consciousness. It was expressed by an arbitrary association of words which, at first reading, the poet often understood no better than the reader. Thisis very different from Utamsis dense and at times esoteric imagery, by which he expresses his profound and passionate identification with the suffering of Africa and, more particularly, of the Congo. Utamsis imagery is distinguishable from that of the surrealists because of its coherent scheme of reference and worldview. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0. INTRODUCTION This chapter is devoted to throwing some light on the theoretical aspects of the research work. The term coordination is central to this study. Nevertheless, derivations of coordination as a branch of linguistic study, how it has been explained and used in other genres will be looked at in order to set-up a conceptual framework that would help to make things clear and lay the foundation for subsequent analysis. 2.1. The Concept in Focus 2.1.1 Coordination Haspelmath(2000) defines coordination as syntactic constructions in which two or more units of the same type are combined into larger units and still have the same semantic relations with other surrounding elements (1). Bloomfields similar definition of coordination contrasts it with subordination: Endocentric constructions are of two kinds, co-ordinative(or serial) and subordinative(or attributive). In the former type the resultant phrase belongs to the same form-class as two or more of the constituentsIn subordinative endocentric constructions, the resultant phrase belongs to the same form-class as one of the constituents, which we call the head. (195). Both of these definitions are syntactic, and emphasize the balanced syntactic relationship between coordinated items. In addition, both definitions state that the structure resulting from coordination is of the same type (semantic in Haspelmaths definition, syntactic in Bloomfields) as the coordinated items. Yuasa and sadock in agreement with the observation of Bloomfield further mention 5 criteria that confirms the presence of coordination: Reversibility: changing the order of the conjuncts does not affect the truth conditions. Application of the coordinate structure constraint: the constituents of one clause cannot be questioned separately. No backward anaphora: a pronoun in the first clause cannot co refer with a full NP in the second clause. Multiple conjuncts are possible. All the conjuncts are equally asserted. (87-111.) Halliday and Hasan (1976) describe coordination as an intrasentential structural device. However, they do acknowledge that sets of sentences similar to coordination do exist especially if they share parallel structure, and view coordination as a structure of the paratactic type (223) CathrineFabricius-Hansen and Ramm, W. (2005) describe coordination as being used as a means of clause combining and information packaging at discourse level and differs from a sentence sequence by explicitly instructing the reader to keep the two propositions together in discourse processing. For example in establishing a discourse structure, licensing the inference of certain discourse relations to hold between the conjuncts, while blocking others. As a means of constructing (more) complex (clause/VP) constituents from simpler ones of the same syntactic category, coordination can be compared to certain kinds of adjunction, i.e. syntactic subordination (175-213). Coordination has been viewed by various scholars as processes used by languages to combine units to make other units. Or as a part of the basic efficiency of language through which simple units like phrases and the simple sentence are re-cycled to make longer and perhaps more complex units. Dickens (2009) re-categorizes coordinators as existing in a semantic clinewith disjuncts. By this he means a scale of varying levels of coordination: whilecoordinators such as and establish an equivalent and non-adverbial relationship betweentwo clauses such that neither is subordinate to the other, disjuncts like sinceestablishsome degree of indirectness and an adverbial relationship between the clauses (42:1076-1136). 2.2. Types of Coordination Syndetic and Asyndetic coordination Haspelmath and Quirk et al define asyndetic and syndetic coordination as Coordinate constructions lacking overt coordinator (asyndetic coordination) or having some overt linking devices such as conjunctions; and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.(syndetic coordination). a). Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim.(Quirk et al:50) And Asyndetic coordination as when the relationship of coordination is not marked overtly; a). Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim. .(Quirk et al:50) Though there exist a relatively fixed order for subclasses of adjectives in asyndetic coordination, but the order is said to be relatively free when a coordinator is present. 2.3 Asyndetic Coordination 2.3.1 Asyndeton Kane (1988) states that despite its formidable name asyndeton is nothing more than a different way of handling a list or a series, Asyndeton uses no conjunctions and separates the terms of the list with commas. It differs from the conventional treatment of lists and series, which is to use only commas between all items except the last two, these being joined by a conjunction. Asyndeton is linked to asyndetic coordination. Asyndeton produces a hurried rhythm in the sentence. Corbett (1971) cites Aristotles observation that asyndeton was especially appropriate for the conclusion of a discourse, because there, perhaps more than in other places in the discourse, we may want to produce the emotional reaction that can be stirred by, among other means, rhythm, (470). Asyndeton is the instance of conjoining constructions in which there are no coordinators (also referred to as juxtaposition); monosyndeton, in which there is one coordinator; and polysyndeton, in which more than one coordinator is used. 2.4. Syndetic Coordination 2.4.1 Polysyndeton Polysyndeton is regarded as a way of handling a list or a series, places a conjunction (and, or) after every term in the list (except, the last). It is said to differs from the conventional treatment of lists and series, which is to use only commas between all items except the last two, these being joined by a conjunction'(Kane:1988). Polysyndeton is linked to Syndetic coordination , as opposed to Asyndeton which is linked to Asyndetic coordination. 2.5 Monosyndetic and Bisyndetic Coordination Coordinations may either have a single coordinator (monosyndetic) or two coordinators (bisyndetic). Haspelmath (2000) proffers some relevant constituency tests for monosyndetic coordination: (i) Intonation: In certain cases, English and forms an intonation group with the following phrase, not with the preceding phrase. (ii) Pauses: In English, it is much more natural to pause before and than after and. (iii) Discontinuous order: In special circumstances, the coordinands may be separated by other material, as when a coordinand is added as an afterthought. In English, the coordinator must be next to the second coordinand (e.g. My uncle will come tomorrow, or my aunt). Not my uncle or will come tomorrow, my aunt. (iv) (Morpho)phonological alternations: When the coordinator or one of thecoordinand undergoes (morpho)phonological alternations in the construction, this is evidence that they form a constituent together. (121) 2.6. The Nature of Coordination 2.6.1 Contrastive Coordination 2.6.2 Conjunction and Disjunction Haspelmath (2000) states that many languages distinguish between normal coordination such as A and B, X or Y, which may also be referred to as conjunctionand what might be called contrastive coordination: both A and B, either X or Y. The semantic difference he views is that in contrastive coordination, it is emphasized that each coordinand belongs to the coordination and each of them is considered separately. Hence, it creates opposing notion of meaning inherent in the text because two things cannot be separately similar. And like conjunction, Haspelmath (2000) regard disjunction markers as often polyfunctional. Dickens (2009) states that Disjuncts display some coordinator-like properties, so they are grouped on a continuum with coordinators (1089). Halliday and Hassan (1976) see conjunction as a cohesive device that relates sentences. Conjunctive elements they state: are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the preceding text, but express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse (226). As similarly described by Bloor and Bloor (1995). Halliday and Hasan (1976) indicate that conjunctive relations are not tied to any particular sequence in the expression. Nevertheless, they argue that amongst the cohesion forming devices within text, conjunction is seen as the least directly identifiable relation. Conjunction they assume act as semantic cohesive tie within text in four categories: Additive, adversative, causal and temporal. Additive conjunction acts to structurally coordinate or link by adding to the presupposed item and are signaled through and, also, too, furthermore, additionally, etc. Additive conjunction may also act to negate the presupposed item and is signaled by nor, andnot, either, neither, etc. Adversative conjunctions act to indicate contrary to expectation (250) and are signaled by yet, though, only, but, in fact, rather, etc. Causal conjunction expresses result, reason and purpose and is signaled by so, then, for, because. Adversative coordination seems always binary; it must consist of two coordinands, so is described as causal and then is described as temporal (227). Halliday and Hassan acknowledge that conjunction is derived from coordination, they argue that Conjunction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is not simply coordination extended so as to operate between sentences, noting that one difference between coordinate and and conjunctive and is that coordinate and can link any number of items, whereas conjunctive and links pairs of sentences.   They view conjunctions as expressing one or other of a small number of very general relations (238). In the same vein Halliday and Matthiessen (1999) in relation to its cohesive function state that In conjunction, the various logical-semantic relations of expansion that construe clause complex structures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are deployed instead as a source of cohesion. They argue that among other resources which construe clauses and clause complexes into longer stretches of discourse without the formality of further grammatical structure are conjunction and lexical cohesion (530-31). Halliday and Matthiessen (1999) in extending the notion of language resources as tools of broadening and reaching out into meaning view that specific kinds of expansion or projection can be construed as either paratactic or hypotactic, insisting that some level of partial association exist, where some form of combinations are favored, while others are disfavored. They explain another kind of expansion in terms of conjunctive relations employing such conjunctions as and, or, but, instead, besides; as an additive, alternative, replacement, reservation, contrast. A third kind occurs with the use of adverbs functioning as conjunctions marking either the enhancing clause or correspondingly the one being enhanced (520-1). Scott Drellishak (2004) in his thesis: A Survey of Coordination Strategies in the Worlds Languages quotes Gleitman (1965) as viewing conjunction as one of many syntactic processes that serve the purpose of indicating contrast or reducing repetition ; conjoined sentence that does not indicate contrast or reduce repetition is described as not serving any purpose. (268) 2.7. Phrasal Coordination If two expressions have different semantic roles it will not be possible to coordinate them. Although it is sometimes said that the coordinands must belong to the same phrasal category; for instance, (tea) NP or (in a NigerianRestaurant) PP is said to be ungrammatical because it consists of an NP and a PP. However, coordination of different phrasal categories is often possible when both have the same semantic role. Also in phrasal coordination, the order of conjoined words can be influenced by the tendency for the shorter word to come first and within phrasal coordination, there can be ellipsis of the determiner (Quirk et al: 610). 2.8. Clausal Coordination When two or more clauses are coordinated, certain clause constituents are often ellipted from all but one of the clauses. More often than not, the effect of ellipsis is no more than to suggest a closer connection between the content of the clauses but sometimes the effect is to indicate that there is a combined process rather than two separate processes. And and or as clause linkers are restricted to initial position. Coordinated clauses with and and or are sequentially fixed in relation to the previous clause and cannot be transposed without producing ungrammaticality in sentence structure (Quirk et al: 553), a clause containing a conjunct may be linked to a preceding clause by one of the coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but) but not all the conjuncts admit each coordinator (Quirk et al:552-553). 2.9. Taxis in coordination The term taxis in English grammar means arrangement of units of ideas, thought, sentence constituents, structures that are grammatical constructs. In English grammar, taxis is categorized into two broad parts: I). Parataxis II). Hypotaxis Parataxis refers to the organization of clausal units on a parallel level employing coordinating conjunctions as the case may be. The center point of coordination is considered to be parataxis. The elements placed side by side does not exhibit a dependency relation and exists in no specified order of occurrence. Lakoff (1971) and Martin (1983) view Parataxis as the hallmark of coordination. Most often, the equality of the clauses is said to be clear both grammatically and semantically. Different units can be joined with Coordination at any level. The conjoined units, elements thus linked exhibit same semantic and syntactic category. This instance of conjoining equal grammatical structures (coordination) form our focus in this study and deviates from Hypotaxis which is the organization of constituents on a dependency relation with the use of subordinating conjunctions; it forms the basis of subordination in English grammar. 2.10. Symmetric and asymmetric coordination Coordinate constructions are said to have symmetrical properties such that conjuncts are paratactically construed, that a conjunct is not subordinated to another conjunct, that conjuncts have the same syntactic and semantic function ; on the other hand they have asymmetric properties such as command relationship between the first and the second conjuncts. This case is referred to as balanced and unbalanced case of coordination. 2.11. Approaches to Coordination Analysis and Coordination in Different Genres In poetic texts, the study of coordination is quite sparse and limited. For instance Miller (2007) explores biblical Hebrew poetry and the relationship of coordination to verbal gapping is what forms her point of focus. She comes up with the findings that asyndetic coordination is the hallmark of biblical Hebrew poetry and especially early poetry (41-60). Millers corpus contains 123 lines from the book of Isiah. Svetlana Petrova Michael Solf (2008) explore rhetorical relations and verb placement in the early Germanic languages. It presents a diachronic study about the distinction between coordination and subordination in discourse; it focuses on Old High German and on other early Germanic languages. Petrova and Solf consider other kinds of data, mostly from declaratives, in support of the claim that verb placement serves certain discourse functions in early Germanic languages. They come up with the finding that Verb fronting seems to have a clear functional purpose, as it is used to mark episode boundaries in Old High German. The study goes further in identifying some correlations between verb placement and discourse-structuring phenomenon in Old English, Old Saxon, and Old Norse, with similar discourse-structuring functions. A cross -linguistic approach is adopted in the study as opposed to functional approach in analysis. Ash Asudeh and Richard Crouch (2002) examine Coordination and Parallelism in Glue Semantics exploring points of convergence and divergence between approach to coordination and similar Categorial Grammar (CG) approaches. The research discusses parallelism in connection with the Coordinate Structure Constraint. The paper presents an account of the semantics of coordination, framed within the theory of Glue Semantics. The goal of a GLUE derivation as explicated in the study is to consume all the lexical premises to produce a single conclusion; stating the meaning of the sentence. Further asserting that Semantic ambiguity results when there are alternative derivations from the same set of premises. This study shares common interest with the present one as both relates coordination to instances of cohesion. While this study argues for glue approach to coordination the present study differs on the ground of functional approach of analysis. David Bell (2007) examines both the frequency and function of SIA (sentence initial and) and SIB (sentence initial but) in academic writing and its importance in understanding language in literary texts. While coordinator and is more frequent in academic prose than but, SIA is much less frequent than SIB. Collected data show a marked difference in the use of SIA and SIB across different genres of academic writing with SIA and SIB being far more prevalent in the humanities journals. Furthermore, the study shows that SIA, when compared with other additive connectives such as moreover, furthermore, in addition, etc., is the most frequently occurring additive marker in academic writing, while SIB is the second most preferred connective after however. With regard to function, the study goes on to argue that both SIA and SIB in academic writing function in three very similar ways: (i) to mark off a discourse unit by indicating the last item on a list; (ii) to indicate the development of an argument; and (iii) to indicate a discontinuity or shift with a previous discourse unit. This is in line with Halliday and Hassans (1975) view as regard the function of SIA and SIB. The study further asserts that whereas the most common function of SIA is that of indicating the last item on a list, the most common use of SIB is in the development of arguments. It argues that SIA and SIB perform special functions than the alternatives of asyndetic or zero coordination, the use of discourse markers that share their broad semantic function: Moreover, furthermore, in addition, and however, respectively, or intrasentential coordination cannot perform. The study proffers that the features allow SIA and SIB to preface a wider range of lexico-grammatical units such as interrogatives, stance adverbs and other discourse connectives and to create a tighter cohesive fit. It comments that it is these special features of cohesion which are held to explain the occurrence of SIA and SIB in academic writing. The focus here is on the use of SIA and SIB in academic discourse, it excluded occurrences of SIA and SIB in academic writing from other modes such as in transcripts of conversations, in quotes from fiction or in poetic texts which is the sole focus of the present research. Halliday and Hasan (1975) on SIA as part of their larger discussion of conjunction as one cohesive device in the concept of cohesion describes coordination as an intrasentential structural device while conjunction is seen as a cohesive device that relates sentences. In their examination of conjuncts, SIA is described as signaling an additive relationship between sentences while but is described as an adversative. Halliday and Hasan note that one difference between coordinate and, and conjunctive and, is that coordinate and can link any number of items, whereas conjunctive and links pairs of sentences (235). Halliday and Hasan distinguish a further use of SIA, which they suggest comes closest to its structural function as a coordinator, they call it next in a series' (236). They suggest that another example would be a series of points all contributing to one general argument. In this function, Halliday and Hasan argue that And retains some of the retrospective or retrojective effect, i.e. projecting backwards that and has as a coordinator (236). Here, SIA is viewed as signaling not the last item on a list but rather the continuation of an ongoing list of items. The study explicates that however, apart from the cases cited above where cohesive And operates similarly to coordinator and, the typical context for SIA is one where there is a total, or almost total shift in the participants from one sentence to the next, and yet the two sentences are very definitely part of a text (235). Another common context in narrative fiction for this shift is at the boundary of dialogue and narrative. What have been shown here is that SIA and SIB provide special features of cohesion that alternative forms of coordination do not. Schiffrin (1986, 1987, 2006) examines utterance and turn-initial and in conversation. She argues that and has two roles in talk: An ideational role where it coordinates idea units what she calls a discourse coordinator role, and an interactional or pragmatic or discourse marker role where it continues a speakers action, i.e. marking the speakers upcoming utterance as a continuation of the content and structure of an interaction, and these two functions most often occur simultaneously (1987: 128). As a marker of functionally differentiated idea units, the presence of and signals that the speaker identifies an upcoming unit as structurally coordinated or equivalent to a prior unit. In this way, and can differentiate among other things in narrative, support and position in arguments and explanations, and can also differentiate discourse topics. However, Schiffrin stresses that identifying the nature of these units depends on textual information beyond and itself (1987: 141). In Summary Halliday and Hasan (1976), and Schiffrin (1986, 1987, 2006),see SIA as bracketing discourse units, continuing discourse units, or signaling a shift between discourse units; and what determines the discourse function of these signaled discourse units is constructed by the interaction of the linguistic properties of and with the discourse context in which it occurs. Sotirova (2004), using the works of D.H. Lawrence, has argued that SIA, as well as other connectives, are used by Lawrence to signal perspectival shifts in free indirect style (227). Huttar (2002) has examined the use of both discourse-initial and (DIA) and SIA in poetry. Huttar argues that DIA is often used to establish an imagined context already in progress or imagined prior events from which the present utterance is understood to continue. An extremely common form of DIA is that of a question addressed in response to an implied interlocutors statement and often expressing surprise at the previous implied statement. Cotter (2003) on the other hand examines the use of SIA and SIB in newspapers over a one hundred year period. She used a 100,000-word corpus of newspaper articles a mixture of local and national syndicated articles, general news, and feature articles published between 1900 and 1995. Over this period, she noted an increasing occurrence of SIA/B and concurrent decline in temporal connectives. Among other factors, Cotter argues that these connectives help to create local and global coherence in news narratives, introduce new speakers and ideas, and link a series of short paragraphs. Cotter sees this increasing use of SIA/B as indicative of a historical shift from more text-centered to more reader-centered prose. Dorgeloh (2004) looked at SIA in a corpus of British English made up of LOB (Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen, 1961) and FLOB (Freiburg Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen, 1991). She indicates a decline in the use of SIA in both academic and newspaper writing. From her analysis she concludes that in written Modern English, SIA, where it does occur, marks functional shifts on a more global level of discourse (1777). From the literature reviewed, it becomes evident that there is prevalence in the use of additive and in academic discourse, prose, conversation, literary texts, newspapers, and in the humanities and social science fields generally. In frequency and function additive and is reckoned to be the most frequently occurring, followed by but; in poetic texts functionally, Huttar argues that and is often used to establish an imagined context already in progress or imagined prior events from which the present utterance is understood to continue while Halliday and Hasan (1976), and Schiffrin (1986, 1987, 2006),regard and as bracketing discourse units, continuing discourse units, or signaling a shift between discourse units. The subsequent analysis consider to what extent the frequency and functional assertions are based. This research departs from much of the previous studies, by presenting a functional linguistic analysis which was proffered by Halliday et al. Earlier researches often focus on the

The Planet Neptune :: Space Astronomy

The wonders of the great planet of mysterious Neptune "5,4,3,2,1, LIFTOFF! I think I see something on the radar, it looks to be as if it's a planet! I think I have visual contact, blue, thick clouds and maybe a little liquidy substance, probably water. Wait a minute, I think it's Neptune! We have to report this to the mission control." Neptune, the last planet in the solar system after the planet Pluto was considered not a planet. You might think Neptune and Earth are the same size by just looking at it but it?s not. Neptune is so big that it could fit sixty Earths inside. It is the fourth largest planet in the solar system. Neptune use to share an orbit with Pluto. That declined when Pluto was considered not a planet anymore. The gravity on Neptune is slightly dense. I?ll give you an example, I currently weigh 60 pounds on Earth, and on Neptune I would weigh about 71 pounds. That means there?s about an 11-pound difference on Neptune. The orbit of Neptune is unique. This is because Pluto?s eccentric orbit crosses between Neptune?s orbit. Take an estimate, how long do you think a year on Neptune would be? You probably answered any where between 60 and 90 years. Unfortunately you?re wrong. The correct answer is 165 Earth years. That?s a really long time! A day on Neptune is 16.1 Martian hours or 19.1 Earth hours. The atmosphere on Neptune is made out methane, hydrogen sulfide and water. The temperature on Neptune is 49K or 328ÂÂ °F. If you lived on Neptune (which you can?t!) you would boil. Neptune has four rings. Two of them are hard to see and are faded, Neptune?s rings are made out of dust. A scientist named Johann Gottfried Galle discovered Neptune. Voyager 2 visited Neptune. Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846. Neptune was named after an Italian goddess named Poseidon or Nethunus or Neptune.

Truth, War, and Mongols Essay example -- Mongolian Empires History Ess

Truth, War, and Mongols A historic empire that made an immense impact throughout history, it's being influenced the world around it, it's people were advanced and innovative for the time. The Mongolian empire began at around 1200 A.D. and throughout it's long and large existence, influential ideas and developments were created. Their horsemanship, their militancy, their nomadic lifestyle, their leadership system, their fall and their impact make up all of the components that are needed to fully understand and appreciate the history of the Mongolian empire. The seventh grade history text, Across the Centuries, describes all of these aspects, though not all are presented with depth, their basic ideas and concepts are understood by the students reading the text. The Mongols had the privilege and advantage above all other tribes that led to them to excel in their militancy; they had horses. Their ability to ride horses with efficiency and skill, made conquering less fortunate tribes and expanding the realms of their empire a task beyond simple. In the seventh grade text, a quote about the Mongolian expansion, by Ibn al Athir, is cited: " These Tatars [Mongols] conquered most of the habitable globe and the best, the most flourishing and most populous thereofÃ…  in about a year." (Across the Centuries, p. 162) This quote is supported in the text by a statement regarding their excellence in horsemanship. "On horseback, the Mongols could advance up to 200 miles a day." (Across the Centuries, p.146) These examples clearly show how their being excellent horsemen was to their militant advantage when it came to conquering and expanding. Soldiers were able to travel with a sufficient amount of food and water, distributed among three of f... ...he unit in this particular text, will be a basic span of knowledge that will allow them to further explore the Mongols and their empire with a substantial base to support them and eager minds to lead them on to find out details, facts, significance, and truth. Works Cited ----, Across the Centuries, ----- , Chapter 7 Amitai-Priess, Rueven and David O. Morgan, The Mongol Empire and It's Legacy, Brill Publishing Co., Leiden, Boston, Koln, 1999. Andrea, Alfred J. and James H. Overfield, The Human Record: fourth edition vol.1, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York, 2001 Bently, Jerry H. and Herbert F. Zeigler, Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perpective on the Past, McGraw Hill Companies, Inc., 2000. Lai, David Chuenyan, Land of Genghis Khan, Universtiy of Victoria, Victoria, 1995. Phillips, E.D., The Mongols, Thames and Hudson, London, 1969.

The True Hero of Homers The Iliad Essay -- Home Poetry Poem Iliad Ess

The True Hero of Homer's The Iliad The Iliad is a story in which many men should be recognized as great war heroes. They all show a tremendous amount of courage to fight in such a barbaric battle. But this paper?s main focus is between two great leaders of opposing sides. Achilles, who represents the Achaians and Hector, who represents the Trojans. Though both show their bravery during many different instances in the poem, it?s quite obvious to the reader who the better of the two is. The rest of this paper will prove why Hector is a greater hero in comparison to Achilles. The reader is introduced to Achilles in the first book of the poem. King Agamemnon and Achilles are having a conflict over a woman. But if you read deeper into the conflict it has more to do with honor. Honor seems to be the most important thing to all of the characters in the poem. In book two, after the argument between Achilles and King Agamemnon has come to a hault, Achilles has already decided not to defend his army. He feels the king has dishonored him, by refusing to give him Chryseis. So for about  ¾ of the war he did not help his fellow brothers in battle, instead he chose to pout for more than half of the poem. He knew that he was desperately needed at one point and still refused to assist in battle. He kept tabs on everything that was going on by sending out Patroklos to Nestor. Nestor would keep him up to date with the daily occurrences. There are three separate occasions where things weren?t going in favor of Achilles, and he would cry. His tears were so heavy and his cries so loud that his mother would come down from the heavens (She is a goddess) to offer her assi... ...his life. The battle was very intense and the poem gives a great description of the occurrences. The reader can easily get a mental image of the scene. Their final battle was described from the setting in the sky, all the way to Achilles? spear ripping through the flesh in Hectors neck.. I could almost hear the clanking of the weapons of the two warriors. In my opinion if Achilles would?ve been in battle for as long as Hector he wouldn?t have won. Hector died fighting for his country and that was believed to be the greatest honor of them all. If you take the two characters and hold them up next to one another there isn?t even a question in my mind as to who portrays the more heroic role. Achilles fought in the end because he blamed himself for the death of his friend. Hector fought for his country, his family, and for his honor.

Dolphin

New research suggests that dolphins are second only to humans in smarts. – MRI scans indicate that these marine mammals are self-aware. – Researchers think dolphins are especially vulnerable to suffering and trauma. When human measures for intelligence are applied to other species, dolphins come in Just behind humans in brainpower, according to new research. Dolphins demonstrate skills and awareness previously thought to be present only in humans.New MRI scans show that dolphin brains are four to five times larger for their body size when compared to another nimal of similar size, according to Lori Marino, a senior lecturer in neuroscience and behavioral biology at Emory University, and one of the world's leading dolphin experts. Humans also possess an impressive brain-to-body ratio. â€Å"If we use relative brain size as a metric of ‘intelligence' then one would have to conclude that dolphins are second in intelligence to modern humans,† said Marino, who p erformed several MRI scans on dolphin brains.Marino will be presenting her findings at next month's American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting. â€Å"Size isn't verything,† she admitted, but she says at least two other lines of evidence support her claims about dolphin intelligence. First, various features of the dolphin neocortex the part of the brain involved in higher-order thinking and processing of emotional information are â€Å"particularly expanded† in dolphins. Second, behavioral studies conducted by Marino and other experts demonstrate that dolphins exhibit human- like skills.These include mirror self-recognition, cultural learning, comprehension of symbol-based communication systems, and an understanding of abstract concepts. The Navy's Marine Mammal Program began in 1960 with two goals. First, the Navvy wanted to study the underwater sonar capabilities of dolphins and beluga whales to learn how to design more efficient methods of detecting objects underwater, and to improve the speed of their boats and submarines by researching how dolphins are able to swim so fast and dive so deep.In addition to this research component, the Navvy also trained dolphins, beluga whales, sea lions and other marine mammals to perform various underwater tasks, including delivering equipment to divers nderwater, locating and retrieving lost objects, guarding boats and submarines, and doing underwater surveillance using a camera held in their mouths. Dolphins were used for some of these tasks in the Vietnam War and in the Persian Gulf. The Marine Mammal Program was originally classified, and was at its peak during the Cold War.The Soviet Union's military was conducting similar research and training programs in the race to dominate the underwater front. At one point during the 1980's, the U. S. program had over 100 dolphins, as well as numerous sea lions and beluga whales, and an operating budget ot $8 million dollars. By the ‘s, howeve r, the Cold W was over, and the Navvy's Marine Mammal project was downsized. In 1992, the program became declassified. Many of the dolphins were retired, and controversy arose over whether or not it would be feasible to return unnecessary dolphins to the wild. pecific Tasks Navvy marine mammals are trained to perform many underwater duties, including Bottlenose dolphins detect and mark of underwater mines. The animal locates a mine and then deposits a weighted buoy line near the mine in order to mark it. California sea lions attach grabber devices to underwater objects for etrieval. This system is used extensively in training exercises with divers for Explosive Ordnance Disposal units. Practice mines are placed on the sea floor; those not found by the divers during the exercise are retrieved by the sea lions. Bottlenose dolphins are used to detect and defend against enemy swimmers.This procedure was used in both the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf to protect Navvy anchored vessels from enemy swimmers seeking to plant explosives. The dolphins would swim slowly, patrolling the area with their sonar, and alert armed trainer guards if they located a swimmer. They are also trained to â€Å"tag† the enemy swimmer with a marker so that Navvy personnel can apprehend him. During the Vietnam War, rumors circulated about a â€Å"swimmer nullification program† in which dolphins were also being trained to shoot at enemy swimmers with a device similar to the tagging device.The Navvy denies that any such program existed or that any dolphin has ever been trained to attacka human. 1960's naw begins use of marine mammals 1965 sea lab II In 1965, the Marine Mammal Program began its first military project: Sea Lab II. Working in the waters off La Jolla, California, a bottlenose dolphin named Tuffy ompleted the first successful open ocean military exercise. He repeatedly dove 200 feet to the Sea Lab II installation, carrying mail and tools to naw personnel. He was a lso trained to guide lost divers to safety. 965-75 dolphins used in Vietnam The Navvy sent five dolphins to Cam Ranh Bay to perform underwater surveillance and guard military boats from enemy swimmers. Although during this era rumors circulated about a â€Å"swimmer nullification program† through which dolphins were trained to attack and kill enemy swimmer, the Navvy denies such a program ever existed. 1975 ntroduction of sea lions and beluga whales With the success of the dolphin program, the Navvy began working with sea lions, training them to recover military hardware or weaponry fired and dropped in the ocean.The sea lions could dive and recover objects at depths of up to 650 feet. The Navvy also began exploring the use of beluga whales, which, like dolphins, use sonar to navigate. Beluga whales could operate at much colder temperatures and deeper depths than either dolphins or sea lions. naw builds up collection of dolphins The Marine Mammal Program reached its heyday in the 1980's, with an expanded udget and increased number of dolphins.In 1986, Congress partially repealed the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act by letting the Navvy collect wild dolphins from for â€Å"national defense purposes. † The Navvy planned to use the dolphins to expand its mine disposal units and to stock a breeding program. 1986-88 dolphins in the Persian gulf The naw sent six dolphins to the Persian Gulf, where they patrolled the harbor in Bahrain to protect US flagships from enemy swimmers and mines, and escorted Kuwaiti oil tankers through potentially dangerous waters. One of the dolphins, â€Å"Skippy,† died ofa bacterial infection. ssile guarding project in Bangor abandoned In the late 1980's the Navvy began a project through which dolphins would act as guards at the Bangor Washington Trident Missile Base. Animal activists opposed the project, and filed suit against the Navvy under the National Environmental Protection Act claiming that the Navvy must do an environmental evaluation to determine whether deployment in the cold northern waters off Bangor would harm dolphins originally captured in the Gulf of Mexico. A Judge ruled that such a study must be completed before the project could continue.The Navvy abandoned the project. By 1994, the Navvy policy on moving dolphins to environments with radically different water temperatures changed; a spokesperson said that in general, the Navvy would only move dolphins between environments with a 20 degree difference in temperature, except in emergency situations. 1990S downsizing, declassification, retirement With the end of the Cold War, the Navvy's budget for the marine mammal program was drastically reduced, and all but one of its training centers were closed down.Of the 103 dolphins remaining in the program, the Navvy decided it needed only 70 to maintain its downsized operations. Much of the project was declassified, although certain details remain protected. This raised the question of what to do with the remaining dolphins. In the 1992 Defense Appropriations Act, Congress alloted a half million dollars to the Navvy to â€Å"to develop training procedures which will allow mammals which are no longer required for this project to be released into their natural habitat. The Navvy held two conferences of researchers and experts and determined that a reintroduction program would not be cost effective. In an attempt to downsize its dolphin troops, the Navvy offered to give its surplus trained dolphins o marine parks However, interest in the tree dolphins was low because many marine parks by this time had developed successful in-house breeding programs. The Navvy only got only four requests, but pledged to care for the unclaimed dolphins until their deaths.Later in 1994, the Navvy agreed to send three dolphins to Sugarloaf sanctuary, near Key West in Florida, a rehabilitation facility run by Ric O'Barry. O'Barry planned to reeducate the dolphins so they could be safe ly released into the wild, once the necessary federal permits were granted. 1996 illegal release of Luther and Buck Two of the dolphins being held at the Sugarloaf Sanctuary, Luther and Buck, were being prepared for life in the wild while awaiting federal permits for their release. In May, before the permits had been issued, O'Barry released the dolphins into the Gulf of Mexico.He believed that the dolphins were ready for release and that the bureaucratric requirements for a permit were designed to prevent the release of the Navvy dolphins. He thought that to wait any longer before letting them go would jeopardize their chances of successful adaptation to the wild. read O'Barry's defense f his actions, and criticism of the release from Naomi Rose The dolphins were recaptured less than two weeks later and returned to the Navvy. All three of these dolphins are now back with the Navvy. One of them is still in Florida; the other two are back in San Diego in the Navvy facility there. 997 Ukrainian dolphins trained by the Soviet Navvy for military operations are now being used for therapy with autistic and emotionally disturbed children. Mahalia Jackson Mrs. Harvey English 093 (1 :OO) October 29, 2013 Dolphins Dolphins are very interesting creatures. There are many things about a dolphin you may not know about. They do many ditterent things witn humans, and they do many different things in their everyday lives. There are many peculiar amazing creatures in the ocean, but none of them compares to the dolphins.In the beginning of time about 50 million years ago research shows that dolphins were once a land animal. They looked like a wolf, as this animal they hunted in the shallow waters, and eventually they learned how to adapt between land and water. Research says, â€Å"That their forelegs became flippers, the hind legs disappeared and the fluke evolved, and their fur disappeared and the nostrils moved to the top of their head. This how they breathe today. Even thou gh they surface ever few minutes in the water, they can stay under water up to 15 minutes.Now in order to navigate they use echolocation to find their way around the ocean or the sea. In order to find food the uses clicks to send out to return off of an object in the water researchers say, â€Å"It's just like an echo. † This is how they find their food, dolphins. And other threatening animals or rocks. Just like humans have a family; well, dolphins have families that they live in. The families are usually or mostly lead by a female dolphin. Just like in a society of humans the females primarily are the head of the house hold or family.Every dolphin in the family help each other out, sometimes several families might come together to make a school of dolphins. Jackson 2 Dolphins are very intelligent, they are the second-smartest animal in the world. Research shows that dolphins shows skills and awareness that for many years they thought only humans had. They gave them MIR scan s, and they found out that a dolphin's brain is four to five times larger than their own bodies when it is compared to another animals of a similar size. Dolphins has been in the U. S. Navvy for more than forty years.The Navvy's Marine Mammal Program began in 1960 and they had two reasons for this program. It was that the Navvy wanted to study the underwater sonar capabilities of dolphins, and to learn how to design more sufficient methods for detecting objects underwater, and to also improve the speed of their boats and submarines by researching how dolphins are able to swim so fast and dive so deep into the water. Dolphins Just didn't Join the Navvy or became a part of it they had to be trained to do the Jobs they were going to be assigned to do. In order to help the Navvy in upcoming wars to come.They was trained to deliver equipment to divers underwater, locating and retrieving lost objects that the Navvy thought was important, guarding boats and submarines, and doing underwater surveillance using a camera to hold in their mouths. Researchers says, â€Å"The dolphins were trained to attack and kill the enemy in the Vietnam War. † Lastly, Dolphins are many things on this Earth. They are intelligent, they are used in the U. S. Navvy. In order to help them discover enemies and to protect the ships. They are descendants of wolves and that they ave hair it's Just on the top of their head.Female dolphins are the head of the family, and several families might come and Join them. All together Dolphins are amazing creatures, they can be your friend and protect you to the end.

Law of Contract

The issue is whether the transfer of house is acceptable and valid under Sec 26 of CA 1950. The law applicable are Sec 26 of CA has stated that agreement made without consideration is void. According to Sec 2(d) of CA, consideration is an act or abstinence or promise by the promisee or any other person as required by the promisor in return for his promise. Literally, it means something that is given in return for something else. On the other hand, there was an exceptions under Sec 26 of CA which is an agreement without consideration is void unless the contract made on account of natural love and effection that is stated in Sec 26(a) of CA. There are several requirements under Sec 26(a) of CA which is the contract must be expressed in writting, must be registered if required by law and made on account of natural love and affection and between parties standing in near relation to each other. Sec 26 of CA further illustrate that ‘A’, for natural love and affection, promises to give his son ‘B’, RM1000. ‘A’ puts his promise to ‘B’ into writing and registers it under a law for the time being in force for the registration of such documents. This is contract. Additional, the meaning of the words ‘near relation’ varies from one social group to another as it depends on the customs and practice of such groups. For example, Case of Re Tan Soh Sim. The deceased, Tan Soh Sim, had three sisters. Their mother was firstly married to one Tan Ah Thai and had four children. When Tan Ah Thai died, she married one Khoo Kim Huat and had seven children. The Tan and Khoo children maintained social and friendly relations with one another. Tan Soh Sim married, but having no issue, adopted four children. The husband, one Chan, married a second wife, Tan Boey Kee. When Tan Soh Sim was on her death bed, to ill to make a will, all the Khoo and Tan children signed a document drawn up by a solicitor renouncing all claims to Tan’s estate in favour of the four adopted children and Tan Boey Kee. They were told by Tan Boey Kee that this was the intentions of Tan Soh Sim. Tan Soh Sim died without having recovered consciousness. The question arose in the distribution of Tan’s estate whether the instrument signed was valid. It was held, Chinese adopted children are related to the adoptive parents nd brothers, however they are not ‘nearly related’ to the family of their adoptive mother. Hence, uncles and aunties do not stand in near relation to their nephews and nieces. In this case, there was no natural love and affection between the signatories and donees. To apply these law to the facts of question, there is no consideration given by Milah to Pak Mail to complete val idate the transfer of house as required by Sec 2(d) of CA. However, Sec 26 of CA has laid down a few exceptions where a construct is considered valid eventhough without a consideration. That is the contract must be expressed in writing, must be registered if required by law and made an acount of natural love and affection between parties standing in near relation to each other. Refer back to requirement in Sec 26 of CA, Pak Mail based on love and affection could transfer the house to Milah, without Milah giving any consideration as Milah his daughter is standing in near relation to him and Pak Mail need to put in writing or contractual agreement and it need to registered by law to valid the transfer. In case of Re Tan Soh Sim was faced with a case whose facts were essentially identical to those in this problem. In that case there was no natural love and effection between the signatories and donees because they are not ‘nearly related’ to the family of their adoptive mother eventhough in Chinese adopted children are related to the adoptive parents and brothers. Although the Pak Mail’s problem is same to that in Re Tan Soh Sim’s case, it is suggested that the result is not same between in both cases. In saying that, Milah as Pak Mail’s daughter is standing near relation to him. So, there was natural love and affection between Pak Mail and Milah that can valid the transfer of house. The conclusion, the transfer is acceptable and valid under Sec 26 of CA 1950 as there is a valid contract which binding both of them.

Edmunds Corrugated Parts Essay

The issues that Edmunds Corrugated Parts and Services have been faced with all lead the company to be in position that they are in. This company issues could be sum up as employment and competitor advantage. The employee issues started from the beginning of the company. According to the case Larry, the owner and operator, was not only given a loan but also a barn to start his business. Which was a great start for Larry because he was able to employee about 100 people which many of them were his neighbors. Just as in any company Edmunds Corrugated Parts and Services was face with the fact of replacing employees because they were nearing retirement. As time change the younger generation sought to move away and not stay local so Larry was face with a potential unemployment issue in his company. The other issue that Edmunds was faced with was the fact that they were losing several industries in the United States. According to the case consolidation in the paper industry had wiped out hundreds of the U. S plants that Edmunds once served, with many of the survivors either opening overseas facilities or entering into joint ventures abroad. This was causing the loss of business for this company. Especially when the manufactures were investing in higher quality machines that broke down less frequently. This was the beginning of companies not utilize Edmunds parts because the parts were not needed. This issue was halting the growth and the even the potential to keep the company at the standing they were in for the past years. Create and describe a strategy for addressing the situation at hand. There are various ways of address the two situations at hand. As for the employee issues that they would be facing it is as simple of being proactive. Since the younger generation is leaving the area than there must be incentives for them. The New York Times reported that a Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator, known as Midwest I. S. O was faced with a similar problem. It was even reported that the jobs are so complex that summer interns and college graduates can’t step right into them. Just as the problem of the younger generation moving away and not wanting to stay both companies had similar issues. One of the first things we did was to enhance our employee referral program. Employees now have several opportunities to make money by referring candidates. First, we give any employee who refers a candidate a scratch-off card with a discount for coffee, food or a movie, and we enter their names into a monthly drawing. The monthly winner gets $300, even if we don’t hire the person who was recommended (Begley 2008). When employees refer new employees that general means that the current employee is vested and want to see the company succeed. When the new employee performs below standards than that reflects the current employee and they generally will police themselves. This would allow the current employee to essential hire their replacement and the company could continue with its business. As far as the other issue of growth and losing clients there are many ways that Edmunds could fix it. Edmunds could look into a joint venture. A joint venture or strategic alliance is a form of partnership where businesses come together to share knowledge, markets, and profits. Joint ventures can take on various forms. Small companies can band together to take on the goliaths of their industry. Big companies can form alliances with quicker and nimbler small businesses. And small companies have the opportunity to forge strategic alliances with big name companies for expanded geographic reach (Zarhorsky 2012). This strategy could help them serve the companies that they had lost. If they are in a partnership with the company that services the newer machines they could reach all of the clients that both companies have. In essence it would they could be one company for all machine and equipment needs. Assess which element in the strategy you just described would be the hardest to implement and explain why. Within any business a partnership the difficult part is the implementation of it. The problem that Edmunds would have is the fact of trying to join with a competitor. The companies that are servicing the newer machines are his competition because they have the same clients he uses to. The advantage that Edmunds has is they still have a market share and both companies would benefit from this. According to Business Link a joint venture can also be very flexible. For example, a joint venture can have a limited life span and only cover part of what you do, thus limiting the commitment for both parties and the business’ exposure. This does not have to be a longer term but just to make one stop show to server all of the machines whether they are new or older model. A joint venture can help your business grow faster, increase productivity and generate greater profits. A successful joint venture can offer access to new markets and distribution networks, increased capacity, sharing of risks and costs with a partner, access to greater resources, including specialized staff, technology and finance (Business Link 2012). With all of these factors this would cause the company to grown and be able to stay in business. The difficult part would be to implement the changes that come with a partnership. The companies would have to adopt each other policies and produces to assure they are serving the customer on the same level. Describe what strategies Edmunds could use in the future to reduce potential crises before they happen. One of the main issues that Edmunds was having was centered around employees. Edmunds employees were soon to retire and there were no plans to back fill them. Today, many companies recruit and hire to fill holes â€Å"in the moment† and don’t always consider their long-term business goals or the future needs of the organization. This can potentially lead to bad hires or ultimately, lost opportunities (Hess 2011). There was no recruitment strategy in place to assure that there were back fills for the employees. The only mention was that of the younger generation leaving and not wanting to stay local. As the war for talent continues to escalate, it’s essential that key business leaders are involved with the development of your recruitment strategy to ensure that every hire you make is a good one – for today and tomorrow. Hiring to your business strategy is paramount to ensuring that you’re not only hiring the best available talent – but you’re hiring the best available talent with the desired experience and competencies, to meet both current and future needs of the organization. The future success of your company depends on it (Hess 2011). If the company would hired based on their business model this would help attach the right qualified people. They were only concern with going after the younger generation but the experience was with a older generation. Older generation still has at least 10 years or more and would be significantly younger than that of the retiring work. This strategy with help fix one of their major issues. With a new set of employees brings on a new set of ideas and ways of conducting business. Another area that could help prevent or reduce a potential crisis is developing a Research and Development program. According to Business Exchange research and development (R&D) taken on a more prominent role in businesses, as consumer are looking for quality and innovation at a reasonable price range. This is why Edmunds began to lose clients because the machines changed and there was not a need for their parts on the newer machines. More and more companies are looking to their R&D teams for the â€Å"next great things† as they navigate through the current recession. When revenue is low companies will begin to look for new innovative ways of doing business. Edmunds was not prepared for this shift in the market. If a R&D program was in place this would help prepare for them what lies ahead.